What To Do With All This Media Theory?

10 Dec 2022 media · rant

There has been a lot of media theory talk over the past year in the mainstream (newspapers, news websites, television) and on the intellectual sidelines (podcasts and blogs). The discourse is heavy on the origins and consequences of the continuing, effectively unstoppable, decay of communication over traditional media. (Savvy authors might use terms like “signal to noise ratio.”) However, all this discourse is suspiciously devoid of any advice for us, the spectators. Repeatedly, there is the defeatist assertion that most people will probably be addicted to their screens despite knowing how the screens manipulate them. I don’t think this defeatism is necessary. What should people do to avoid the consequences that authors are expounding on? Should they try to cut their information intake? Should they go “off the grid,” a concept that Opinion writers have made a cottage industry out of talking about?¹ The discourse has no response. Here’s my non-defeatist take.

A Rant

The premise of this whole post is that current media theory doesn’t offer solutions or even lighthearted pointers towards a better way to use our tools and consume media. In fact, the most one can probably get from it is that we are in a transition period and we shouldn’t worry because everything will get sorted out, by someone, somehow, at some vague point in the future. That advice is not good enough. My belief is that theory and discourse should not merely theorize about reality; it should put forth recommendations for readers about the methods for applying realizations in real-life. And the action has to happen now.

Before presenting the defeatist examples, let me say outright that the people giving the defeatist takes are the most informed on the subjects and I respect their work, because I have learn most of what I know from their work. Disclaimer aside, a couple examples of the defeatist takes from people who talk about media:

a lot of us, most of us, maybe are going to and do spend a lot of time staring at a screen, skimming with distractions everywhere

– Opinion - Transcript: Ezra Klein Interviews Maryanne Wolf - The New York Times

As I began reading the novel I’m now close to finishing, it was difficult for me to get lost in the story. When I do read something that is intellectually demanding, I find my mind wandering from the page after only a few moments. I assume that by now this is just how most people feel about reading and that some may not even know that there is any other way.

– Reading As Counter-Practice - by L. M. Sacasas

If the internet is as transformative a technology as the printing press, and I think it’s certainly comparable, then it’s going to take several decades to fully adjust to the changes it has wrought.

– Transcript: Ezra Klein Interviews Sean Illing - The New York Times

I started writing this post after listening to Maryanne Wolf on The Ezra Klein Show. Wolf is eloquent throughout the show, and she spoke with the zeal and enthusiasm of a real ideologue. She really believes in her work, and her work was magnificently revealing about the ways our reading habits on screens and on paper are intertwined with each other. As I mentioned above, the ways in which parents’ addiction to screens affects children is another part of the conversation where her expertise shines through and she articulates things with amazing clarity.

Towards the end of the show, the host asks her a simple question: “What should someone who wants to become a deep reader do to regain the mythical state of deep reading that Wolf advocates for?” Here, Wolf falters. First, she shares her habit of spending 20 minutes after waking up and before going to sleep reading a book, philosophy in the morning and classics at night. The host pushes back on her suggestion. Then, she suggests that it is up to each individual. Then, she digresses from the topic of reading to the phenomenally more complex topic of “just being yourself” using other mediums such as music. This was a disappointing end to a great conversation.

L. M. Sacasas’ newsletter is rich in media theory but light on recommendations, and perhaps it is so by design. Illing’s conversation about their new book about the connection between media and democracy was also informative: It touches back to the origins of media theory during the post-war period, when the TV was initially introduced. Illing is optimistic about the tools we have today but thinks that we are only at the beginning and that we don’t need to really worry too much about the bad ways in which these tools are affecting us, because a lot of change is yet to come.

The lack of recommendations might also be from the structure of these conversations and the medium through which they reach their audience: The News. The self-inflicted wound of saying consume less news on a newspaper is not beyond any of these experts; however, I doubt that they would say it. The closest I can think of is something that Ezra Klein said in his podcast with Johann Hari about attention, in which he says that we should consume far less news than we do.

The Constants

Here are the constants. These are the things that are referred to as “required reading” in most of the conversations, and are rarely debated as being true.²

1. Medium is the Message
   1. McLuhan wrote a book about this: “Everything on T.V. should be entertaining. Education shows like Sesame Street are on T.V. Kids who watch TV end up believing that education should be entertaining too.” It’s not that they don’t learn something on these “edutainment” shows; they do learn something useful and this complicates things furthers, because they now expect that education should be presented to them in an entertaining manner. (Remember all the “Let’s make Mathematics fun” talk? Duolingo tries to make language learning fun by gamifying it.)
2. Attention should be conceptualized as a resource. Attention spans are decreasing.
   1. Attention span is (roughly) the period of time for which someone can pay undivided attention to a single concept or thought. Attention as a resource is a way of conceptualizing what is being sold by Facebook to the advertiser, when they provide the Newsfeed for free. There is no monetary exchange. The only exchange is temporal and so time itself (or attention, the act of spending time on something) is the resource.

3. Reading is in decline

   The percentage of 12th graders who read a book or a magazine every day declined from 60% in the late 1970s to 16% by 2016, and 8th graders spent almost an hour less time watching TV in 2016 compared with the early 1990s

   – Trends in U.S. Adolescents’ media use, 1976-2016: The rise of digital media, the decline of TV, and the (near) demise of print. - PsycNET

4. Mass media is designed around consumer buying. Sensational coverage gets people more engaged
   1. This has been a known trope about television coverage of terrorism, protests and accidents, or other traumatic events for a while now. Every protest produces the same set of photographs: A group of people, preferably in masks, throwing dangerous objects like rocks and Molotov cocktails at armed police officers, preferably in riot gear. All of it is because of the economic absurdity of covering something without sensationalism. This video illustrates this point.
5. Content is designed to be engaging and sensational, not informative or educational
   1. I wrote a series of posts analyzing the home pages of several news websites at the same point in time. The Nancy Grace section in the TV show Newsroom is indicative of this tendency.
6. Information is super-abundant on the Internet. Algorithms sort through this information and act as the middlemen who deal content to users.
   1. Long gone are the concepts of a trusted TV stations or a single newspaper of record. There are innumerable sources of information on the internet and anything you want to believe can be proved by picking the sources that support your viewpoint and smearing those that oppose your beliefs
7. Algorithms are designed to increase engagement and profits through advertising networks
   1. Many news websites have advertising through ad networks, or pleas for donations on all of their articles. Clearly, “journalism” is not paying for itself.
8. Some people hack³ the media by being egregiously engaging and sensational
   1. Trump, Musk, Kangana Ranaut
9. Twitter is not the platform for informed discourse
   1. Saunders, who wrote the Braindead Megaphone, says that Twitter is a strange place because it places a limit on what can be said and how many characters can be used. Why is this limit being placed? See “(1): Medium is the Message.” What can be said in 280 characters is probably neither useful nor insightful; it is merely provocative. (Typical example of click bait that is now accepted: “Why did Elon Musk buy Twitter? A thread. 1/n”)
10. Twitter is the platform for informed discourse
    1. Ezra Klein has said on his podcast repeatedly that Twitter is an important place for journalists because that is where they get their story ideas and that is where they realize what the “vibe” of a particular subject really is. Clearly, most journalists think that Twitter is a good platform, despite vehemently denying its validity and arguing about the ease of being manipulated into believing something is more important than it actually is.
11. Movement and vivid colors capture people’s attention
    1. This is a dig at some of the more obvious takes around parenting. Children don’t come into possession of video games / gaming consoles / digital screens in a vacuum. Parents buy these things for their children to achieve some goal. This goal might very well be to fan the parents’ addiction to media and screens, an addiction that is not good for either parent or child. Wolf’s expertise with children, literacy, and the effects digital skimming culture have on parents and children is another very good part of the conversation.

The Actions

Here are the actions that I took over the past few months.⁴

Less Skimming. Less News.

Stop reading the news. You don’t need to know everything.

Okay. I am going to rip the band-aid off real quick: 90% of News is either sensationalist or useless.⁵

I used to be a big-time news reader. I read a morning briefing from the New York Times. I listened to about 40 minutes of news podcast on an average day. I spent a big portion of free time during the day reading articles that appeared in the notifications on my phone. The constant flow of news powers the adrenaline rush of being part of a (hyper) connected world. However, it has no practical use. I don’t work in the news or any news-adjacent business, and I have no obligation to be informed of “current affairs.”

Now, I listen to 20 minutes of news, from a briefing podcast, every morning. This has been my only source for the past 6 months and I am doing just fine. I will not be returning to reading more news anytime soon.

A caveat: I am yet to completely think through the impact this has on my beliefs about democracy itself: I have said before on this blog that an informed electorate is a prerequisite for a democracy that works. I look forward to reading Illing et al’s work about democracy and media consumption and trying to have clearer thoughts on the subject.

More Magazines

Buy the print version of a non-news, non-“current affairs” magazine

I used to be completely disconnected from magazines. I did not appreciate the form until last year, when I subscribed to the New Yorker on a whim. While that particular magazine published at a rate that was much too fast for me (4 issues / month), I subscribed to the print version of WIRED, a tech- and media-adjacent magazine this year (1 issue / month). I really like the format: The shorter columns are great for free time during the day, the longer reads are thought-provoking profiles or excerpts from books. There is almost no politics in the whole magazine. Topics are not limited to current affairs. (My favorite long pieces from the last few issues was an eccentric profile of the filmmaker Taika Waititi and a fascinating interview with one of the authors of the book The Dawn of Everything⁶.)

A note: Magazine aggregators like the Apple News service might look inexpensive. I suspect that having access to that much information can tempt readers to switch back to the digital skimming modes of reading. So, for now, I am staying away from aggregators and algorithms.

More Fiction

Good fiction is a great story with interesting people in it.

I think fiction is where the most amazing type of reading happens. Regrettably, a lot of non-fiction is little more than information gathering or propaganda for some hustle culture concept like Todo lists or habit forming or how CEOs spend their day. Only the absolute best non-fiction books⁷ rise above the “merely communicating information” level to the “mindset forming” level.

A note: A lot of non-fiction, especially the “top of the best seller lists” non-fiction books, are little more than a single, interesting insight repeated over the entirety of a 200-page light read: These are the airport best sellers that you should stay away from. This podcast pokes fun at these books and is entertaining.

More Blocks of Time

Reading for 2 hours at a time is better than for several periods of a few minutes each

This was my most useful insight of the past year. Deep reading (or the focus required for that) doesn’t just happen. It is also very hard to maintain that focus consciously. So, the best method to naturally prepare yourself for a period of deep focus is to set aside a large block of time and do nothing except read in that block. This is hard, and perhaps many weeks will go by until I get a satisfying block to do this. Nevertheless, I have resorted to this approach now.

---

For something as open-ended as reading, the levels of motivation vary over time and the books that you pick up; chances are high that you can turn your “desire” to read into a “habit” of reading through any sort of strict framework. Coming up with the framework and enforcing it on yourself though? Well, that is on you, the reader. The hardest part of doing more “deep reading” is that there is no trick. But that should not prevent media theorists from putting forth better recommendations.